The Decolonization of Argentina

Up until the mid 1800s Argentina was a colony of Spain. After centuries of dominance, Spain’s power was declining throughout the world and it was beginning to lose governance of many of its colonies. In Latin America, Jose San Martin and Simon Bolivar fought to free Peru, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile from Spanish rule. Thereby, the decolonization of Argentina effectively dates back to 1816 with Independence from Spain being declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán.

In turning our attention to the twentieth century, Argentina continued to try to build into a new, strong, independent country, but retained much of its Spanish culture. Its leaders began trading with Spain and the rest of the world. As time passed, Spain’s influence lessened in spite of ineffective Argentine rulers.

Juan Domingo Peron and Peronism (1946-1949)

Peronism, also known as Justicialism, was a populist movement in Argentina. Peronism is characterized as a government that prioritizes the needs of the country ahead of the needs of the individual person. It tries to carry out the will of its people and defend their interests. It states that there is only one class of men, who are the workers, and they are all equal. There is no discrimination among workers because all men work for the welfare of the nation. The only distinction is between those that work hard and those that do not. The people all have equal rights to opportunities such as jobs, education, food, and housing. There are many benefits for the people under Peronism, but it also very strict. For example, everyone must pull their own weight, producing as much as they consume.

The creator of Peronism, Juan Domingo Peron, was a populist dictator that was part of the original group of officers that seized power in 1944 from the previous president. He won the Argentine Presidential election in 1946 with the support of his highly popular wife Evita.

He held the support of the military because of his promises of modernization and fortification of national security. Peron’s Populist project, Peronism, was guided by his fascist and corporatist policies learned from Mussolini’s Italy. His support of national industrialization appealed to educated youths who anticipated managerial and political jobs that would follow the expansion of the state.
Under Peron’s rule Argentina’s growth reached its high point. During his presidency, the economy grew at an annual rate of nearly 6% from 1945 to 1949. Industrial production rose by 25%, and employment rates increased 13% over the same time period. During Peron’s rule, many great things happened, but following Evita’s death a recession occurred. This recession exposed Peron’s government’s inability to maintain manufacturing growth while upholding working-class interests. The failure of his nationalist economic measures was followed by a coup and he was overthrown.

Economic Turmoil (1945-1969)

Throughout the mid twentieth century, Argentina’s economy underwent a series of “stop-and-go” growth patterns. An overgrown state sector, an unstable government, and uneven foreign investing all contributed to the inability of Argentina’s economy to maintain any kind of significant growth for more than a few years at a time.
State owned and operated companies were overstaffed with under-qualified workers. These municipal businesses were ineffective, costly, and riddled with corruption. The companies slowly sank the Argentine economy into debt with their poor business practices. This caused the value of the peso to sink and inflation to flourish forcing economics ministers to make difficult decisions to ensure that consumers could still afford goods and services.

The only way to curb the rampant inflation was to devalue the peso every few years, an unpopular move by the economics minister that typically led to their removal by the President and the President’s removal by the electorate.
In times of prosperity, when the economy was experiencing a surge of growth, foreign investors sent money into Argentina, buying many of the local businesses.
Argentina Trade Chart

However, when the Argentine economy stalled, the foreign investors who, by 1968 owned over 40 vital companies, withdrew their much-needed money. Each of these factors alone would be enough to cripple an existing economy, but together, they proved to be the major obstacle facing Argentina’s economic success.

Government Instability (1930-1976)

Throughout the history of Argentina there have been many random power shifts that create a political instability. Irregular shifts of power from democracy to authoritarian rule and vice versa have embodied Argentina’s political history over the last century. This is due to the fact that the military routinely overthrew civilian governments. The military has overthrown presidents in 1930, 1943, 1955, and 1976. Furthermore, the period lasting from the 1950s until the early 1970s suffered continual transitions of power from military to civilian rule and culminated with widespread guerrilla activity. President Leopoldo Galtieri instigated an invasion of the Falkland Islands in 1982 with the purpose of drawing the nation's attention away from domestic turmoil and concentrating focus on foreign affairs. This was a political move with grave repercussions.
President Leopoldo Galtieri

Following this failed diversionary tactic, the public heaped blame upon the military, further worsening their views of the government and its armed forces. Throughout the years of Argentine history there have been many revolts from civilians in order for them to express their discontent. The angry people made the instability greaten because the government was forced to go with the people’s will. Even in the past years, violent revolts and protests have propagated Argentina's history. For example, in December 2001 violent riots took place due to President Fernando de la Rua freezing bank accounts in order to pay of the country’s debt. This resulted in many dissenters going on a rampage, and caused Argentina to go through three presidents in a month.

Fernando de la Rua

Revolts of Peronism after Perón’s depature

Clashes between peronists and anti-peronists caused a great deal of violence, even after Perón’s death. On September 16th of 1955, under the leadership of Admiral Isaac Rojas, and about 4,000 members of the navy revolted and threatened to attack the capital. Perón fled to Paraguay on September 20th in fear of an attack. In the November of that year, General Aramburu, a strict anti-peronist, came to power. In an attempt to prevent the Peronist party from ever regaining power, Aramburu outlawed the Peronist party. However, this only reinforced the Peronists beliefs. Perón, who was still in exile, helped the peronists perform antigovernment activities such as terrorism, rioting, sabotage, and harassment. On June 14th the rebels revolted and the government declared martial law. The revolt was defeated and about 2,000 Peronists were arrested and 38 were executed. Meanwhile, a new neo-peronist party was created: the Popular Union Party. This Party wanted the people to protest by casting blank ballots at the upcoming 1957 elections. The Peronists used their influence to support Arturo Frondizi. Frondizi held the Peronist support because of his promise to allow political freedoms. By 1962 elections allowed Peronist candidates. The party had extreme success and took more than half of the seats in the government bodies. The Guerrillas, the conservative anti-Peronist military leaders, prevented any elected Peronist candidates from taking office. This led to political and economic disarray, which the Guerrillas blamed on Frondizi. The Guerrillas demanded Frondizi’s resignation, and when he refused they launched a successful bloodless revolt, and Frondizi was exiled.
The Guerrillas then took control of the military dictatorship run by the junta. The country expected elections during the next year, 1963, but the government remained divided on whether to hold the elections or

simply continue military rule. The electionwas held, but Peronists were not allowed to run. Peronists supporters cast blank ballots to protest and held riots in the streets. Neither group was happy when Arturo Umberto Illia was elected. Although the compromise president stabilized
the government, the economy still suffered from extreme inflation. The conflict was never fully resolved and Peronism continued to attract many people. Even after Perón, the debate between Peronists and Anti-Peronist Militarists initiated a large amount of violence.

The Dirty War (1976-1983)

The years following Peron’s presidency were a period of political turmoil. The people had grown accustomed to the benefits his government had been providing, and the following rulers replaced the populist mentality and removed the Labor Unions, thereby upsetting the populous. In response to the government’s harsh repression of workers, angry laborers bound together and formed four different guerrilla groups. While all were intent on overthrowing the military government, each acted separately with members committing many crimes, such as kidnapping, bank robberies, and assassinations of political leaders, including one of Argentina’s many retired presidents.

In 1973, as violence between the government and the guerrilla groups raged and the economy once again fell into disrepair, Juan Peron returned as president, but his power was short lived. In 1976, Peron died and his wife replaced him as president. She was overthrown and the government became controlled by a triumvirate of military leaders, Jorge Rafael Videla commander-in-chief of the Argentine Army, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera, and General Orlando Agosti. The Peron’s brief spell in power briefly decreased the violence in the country because the people supported his policies. Once he and his wife were overthrown, the turmoil and violence escalated.

Prior to and immediately following the Perons demise, the military dictatorship went on a killing spree that has become known as the Dirty War. It is reported that as many as 30,000 people “disappeared” during the Dirty War, and it is likely that many of them were assassinated by The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance and anti-guerrilla units from the Argentine army. Much as in China or North Korea, anyone who was suspected to be “leftist”, against the military regime, or simply a union leader or journalist was killed or disappeared, often along with their families. But the people would not sit idly by as a near genocide occurred on their own soil. The Guerrilla Groups continued to wreak havoc against the controlling government, and others staged protests at the removal of their loved ones.
After the Falklands war, the military Junta fell from power, and the harsh control over the country was lifted. The outside world began to learn of the human rights atrocities that had occurred in Argentina, but the full extent of this terrible purge was not known until 1995, when military officers admitted to the violence they had committed or overseen.

The Falklands War (1982)

The possession of the Falklands/ Malvinas islands (the British know them as the Falklands while the Argentines call them the Malvinas) had been disputed between Argentina and Great Britain ever since Argentina’s independence. The two islands (East and West Falkland) are located to the East of Argentina.

Argentina and Britain entered negotiations in 1965 after the United Nations General Assembly’s promptings. However, both sides firmly believed their argument, and no progress was made. The Argentines argued that the Malvinas should revert to Argentine control to help bring an end to colonialism. But, of the approximately 3,000 residents, 70% were of British descent. This led the British to argue that the inhabitants would rather be under British control and that adding the Falklands to Argentina would create colonialism instead of ending it.

In 1982, the Argentine economy declined, and the people wanted an end to the military government of their president, General Leopoldo Galtieri. He needed an impressive victory to regain popularity, and he decided that recovering the Falklands islands would be the perfect solution. However, he made this decision based on two false assumptions. The military government assumed that Great Britain would not defend the islands because of their immense distance from the British homeland. The government also assumed that the United States would remain neutral. On April 2, 1982, Argentina sent 5,000 troops who easily defeated the 81 British marines on the islands. Galtieri celebrated early with a triumphant visit to the islands’ capital, Port Stanley. The celebration was short-lived as the military government’s first assumption proved to be false. Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister, sent a force of 28,000 men by April 6 to sail the 8,500 mile trip.
The 2nd Argentine assumption fell through when the U.S. aided the British with logistics, military intelligence, and economic sanctions. The U.N. remained divided and made no progress towards resolving the issue. On May 21, the British landed on East Falkland and quickly ended the war. On June 20 it was announced that the British controlled Port Stanley and Argentina had surrendered.
In this short war, Argentina lost 746 men and Great Britain lost 256 men. Many others were wounded. While for Margaret Thatcher, this resulted in immense popularity, it marked the end of the junta military regime in Argentina. After the Argentine’s embarrassing surrender, the leaders knew the end of their power was near. Only 3 days after the surrender President Galtieri resigned. Argentina then held democratic elections, and the new president, Carlos Menem, who was fairly elected, started peace negotiations with the British. Despite the initially increased British military presence in the islands, Argentina and Great Britain came to the resolution of sharing the extensive oil reserves in the Falklands islands, although there was no negotiation for the possession of the islands. In 2007 Argentina withdrew from the agreement, and now BHP, an Australian - British resource company, has undertaken the oil exploration.
Although the Falklands War seemed a disaster at first, it helped Argentina grow. The war contributed to discarding an unpopular military government in favor of democracy and peace. So, overall the Falklands war assisted in the development of Argentina rather than assisting in its deterioration.

Foreign Trade (1990-2011)

Argentina’s main goal for trade was to rebuild their tattered economy. Just as in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, the 1990s and the early 2000s were defined by a rapid decline in the nation’s economy. Inflation and debt ran rampant until the peso was devalued in late 2001. Argentina faced deep budget cuts in light of its second bout with hyperinflation, and the easiest way to regain profits was to increase foreign trade, especially exports. Argentina is abundant with natural resources. It not only, as the eight largest country in the world, has vast oil fields and metal mines, but also contains grasslands perfect for agriculture.

Argentina quickly put its resources to work, selling petroleum, soybeans, wheat, corn, automobiles, and meat to countries both near and far. Trade with its largest partners, Brazil, the United States, Chile,

China, and the Netherlands helped Argentina to regain much of the money it had lost. The export boom was sped along by the inflation of the Argentine currency (the Austral used from 1985-1991 or the Peso Convertible used from 1992 to the present day). The low exchange rate between Argentina and its business partners made Argentine products extremely cheap which increased the foreign demand. Even though Argentina imports large amounts of industrial supplies, consumer goods, and machinery, it is rare for it to spend more than it earns from its competitively priced exports. In this way, Argentina was able to repay many of its debts and slowly rebuild the value of its national currency.

Menem and the Economy (1989-2009)

After a period of high inflation and unemployment Menem was nominated by the Peronist party and won the March 24 elections of 1989. He faced a 150% monthly inflation rate and $4 billion of debt, yet he still managed to start economic recovery. In order to accomplish this, Menem abandoned Peronism for a neoliberal economic philosophy. In 1991 he appointed Domingo Cavallo as minister of economy. They started privatization and

Cavallo’s Convertibility plan which put the Argentine peso equal to the United States dollar. The increase of money and confidence cut national debt in half by 1994 and brought inflation down to 4% a year. In 1991 the Southern Cone Common Market created free trade between many South American countries. This also helped the Argentine economy by creating new markets for its many exports. However, these policies also contributed to layoff from businesses previously owned by the government. The government often forcefully suppressed worker demonstrations protesting the layoffs.
In 1994, congress amended the constitution to allow presidents to serve for two terms. In the May 1995 election Menem won with 50% of the vote. However, Menem’s success could not last forever. Around the same time he was re-elected the economy began to slow, unemployment levels rose, and production decreased. People blamed the economic decline on the Convertibility plan and the abolishment of export taxes. The government responded to the criticism by removing the safety net programs. The working class was infuriated and the situation continued to worsen. After Menem left his presidency, there was an economic collapse from 2000-2002.
Menem was also accused of corruption and embezzlement by the new government. He spent two years in Chile before he returned to Argentina, and in 2009 he still faced charges. Although Menem’s presidency originally helped Argentina, eventually it hurt it more than it had helped.

Deadly Riots (December 2001)

In December 2001, Argentina three presidents were elected and resigned. This was due to angry, violent street protestors responding to President Fernando de la Rua freezing bank accounts to pay off the country's foreign debt. Tens of thousands of people beat pots and pans,

clapped, waved flags and took to their cars, honking horns to protest what they saw as an insufficient reaction to the problems the country was facing. Police even had to use tear gas in order to disperse the crowd outside the Presidential Palace. Crowds had also gathered outside the home of Economy Minister Domingo Cavallo to express their displeasure. Two people died from gunshot wounds and dozens were injured as rioters ransacked and set fire to grocery stores and other shops around the capital.

As violence escalated, police became outnumbered and were unable to disperse the crowds with tear gas and rubber bullets. Rioters yelled about being hungry and complaining that the government was not helping them. The government attempted to calm the rioters by offering a $7 million to provide food for the needy.
On the morning of the 20th of December the battle of the Plaza de Mayo began. Tens of thousands of rioters confronted the police in a struggle to reach the Palacio de Governo. Amongst them were the "motoboys"; young motorcyclists who were among the most exploited group of young workers. At the end of the day, the battle resulted in nearly thirty deaths and hundreds of people injured or taken prisoner. De La Rua resigned and was forced to flee the Casa Rosada by helicopter. His successor, Adolfo Rodriguez Saa, only kept power for one nearly pitiful week. His attempt to achieve a "cease fire", converse with the mass organization of rioters, and his promises to re-establish a minimum wage and create one million jobs all came to nothing. To end the country's economic and political turmoil on New Year's Day, Argentina's Legislative Assembly decided to appoint Eduardo Duhalde as a new President until December 2003. But, with Argentina’s unemployment level at nearly 20 percent, and in debt for nearly $132 billion, mainly to bond holders, this was the worst economic crisis in all of Argentina’s history.

Bibliography

"Argentina, economic collapse in." In Thomas M. Leonard, ed. Encyclopedia of Latin America: The Age of Globalization, vol. 4. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=ELAIV0019&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 3, 2011).

"Argentina in state of siege after deadly riots." December 20,    

1001.http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/12/19/argentina.riots/ (accessed June 5, 2011).

"Argentina- Foreign trade." 2010. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-FOREIGN-TRADE.html (accessed June 5, 2011).

“Argentina Trade, Exports and Imports.” http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/
    argentina/export-import.html (accessed June 5, 2011).

“Argentina, 1900s–present." Encyclopedia of Latin America: The Age of Globalization, vol. 4. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010.  Facts On File, Inc. Modern World History Online. http://www.fofweb.com (accessed June 5, 2011).

"ARGENTINE ECONOMIC REVIEW No. 64." January 2011.http://www.embassyofargentina.us/v2011/en/economyandtrade/economy/files/review64.pdf (accessed June 5, 2011).

Brown, Jonathan C. "failure of de-Peronization." A Brief History of Argentina, Brief History. New York: Facts On File,

Inc., 2010. Modern World History Online. Facts On File,    

Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=BHARG48&SingleRecord=True (accessed     June 3, 2011).

_______."neoliberalism in Argentina." A Brief History of Argentina, Brief History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=BHARG55&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 5, 2011).

_______. "rise of populism in Argentina." In Thomas M. Leonard, ed. A Brief History of Argentina, Brief History New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. Facts On File, Inc. Modern World History. http://www.fofweb.com (accessed June 5, 2011).   

"Dirty War." In Thomas M. Leonard, ed. Encyclopedia of Latin America: The Age of Globalization, vol. 4. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=ELAIV0120&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 3, 2011).

"Economic Fact Sheet." http://www.embassyofargentina.us/v2011/en/economyandtrade/economy/main.htm#review (accessed June 5, 2011).

"Falklands/Malvinas War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=CRC02354&SingleRecord=True> (accessed June 2, 2011).

"Falklands/Malvinas War." In Thomas M. Leonard, ed. Encyclopedia of Latin America: The Age of Globalization, vol. 4. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=ELAIV0223&SingleRecord=True> (accessed June 2, 2011).

"Five governments and the struggle continues." January 14, 2002.http://www.socialistworld.net/doc/173 (accessed June 5, 2011).

"HISTORY OF ARGENTINA." http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac09 (accessed June 5, 2011).

“HISTORY OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS”  <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=nug#nug#ixzz1O9h5K01Q> (accessed June 2, 2011).

Horvitz, Leslie Alan, and Christopher Catherwood. "dirty war." Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWCG142&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 3, 2011).

Lambert, Maria. "Prospects for Political Stability in Argentina    

http://smu.edu/ecenter/discourse/MariaLambert.htm. (accessed June 6, 2011).

Nash, Nathaniel C.. "Turmoil, Then Nope in ArgentinaThe New York Times". (1991),    

http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/31/business/turmoil-then-hope-in-argentina.html?ref=domingocavallo. (accessed June 5, 2011).

Perón, Juan D. "Juan Domingo Perón (1895-1974): ." October 17,    

1950.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1950peronism2.html (accessed June 5, 2011).

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Dirty War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online.

Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0117&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 3, 2011).

_______. "Argentine Revolt, 1955." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File,         Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
    ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0119&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 4, 2011).

_______. "Peronist Revolts." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1146&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 4, 2011).

_______. "Argentine Revolts." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0120&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 4, 2011).

Prospects for Political Stability in Argentina." Discourse. http://smu.edu/ecenter/discourse/MariaLambert.html (accessed June 5, 2011).

Timerman, Jacobo. "'The Books Were the First Victims'." Timerman, Jacobo. "First Victims, Last Hope." Boston Review. August 1981. Available online. http://bostonreview.net/BR06.4/timerman.html. Accessed December 20, 2007. Permission of Hector Timerman. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=SIWH0166&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 3, 2011).

Picture Credits:
http://thebesttraveldestinations.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Buenos_Aires_Argentina_031.jpg
http://thumbs.ifood.tv/files/images/editor/images/argentine_food.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Buenos_Aires_-Argentina-_136.jpg
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgauTYcbrF_AR5DCfL1hqloAW5htqGRi6zZpniozs2Ggy8J02KFJuVNljT_xeB7J9v3L6nXFsIxBtb1n_Laa2UBBgEpVHFo8FJYYj8-NvZsQm1Prm4RPu4xZD0HpP_wwUCcBoGN7eJD8ms/s400/250424588_c22d82b1a4_b.jpg
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/02/42/b5/casa-rosada.jpg
http://terre.sans.frontiere.free.fr/page_a_voir_a_faire/a_voir_a_faire_images/perito_moreno_7_modifie.jpg
http://www.lileks.com/money/money/argentina/1.jpg
http://www.lvitours.com/Counrty%20Pictures/Argentina%20Pictures/Bariloche%20Lake%20View.jpg
http://argentinastravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/cien-pesos.jpg
http://www.glogster.com/media/5/24/43/15/24431530.jpg
http://www.lileks.com/money/money/argentina/1.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/1343943.jpg
http://www.socialistworld.net/pics/Pictures/argpots1.jpg
http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/Peron2.gif
http://pixxy.co.uk/argentina/F63-N12.jpg
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00649/news-graphics-2007-_649204a.jpg
http://www.militaryimages.net/photopost/data/839/
Falklands_War_Platoon_of_Argentine_soldiers_digging_in_at_Fanning_Head.jpg
http://www.fwi.co.uk/blogs/agribusiness/argentine%20cattle.jpg
http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/2000/honors/garibaldi_1998/images/garibaldi_1998_f_04a.gif
http://cache1.asset-cache.net/xc/827810.jpg?
v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF878921F7C3FC3F69D929FD0204E8951CC11136F9555DC54935CAAF4246CCF2980D1ED9
http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/875000/images/_879887_galtieri150.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fernando_de_la_Rúa_con_bastón_y_banda_de_presidente.jpg/225px-
Fernando_de_la_Rúa_con_bastón_y_banda_de_presidente.jpg
http://www.istanbul-city-guide.com/map/images/country/Argentina-map.jpg
http://daniellearnstotango.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/cordoba-and-the-mystic-valley-049.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/
Argentina_trade_chart.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Menem_con_banda_presidencial.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Domingo_Cavallo.jpg